Sholem Aleichem’s “If I Were Rothschild” is the monologue of a dreamer from Kasrilovka — a poor Jewish man whose material hardships intertwine with moral ideals, sharp irony, and deep humanity. Imagining himself immensely wealthy, the hero envisions transforming not only his community but the entire world through charity, eradicating poverty, war, and human evil. Yet the author reveals the unreachability of this ideal, emphasizing the social inequality of life and the inner goodness of man. The story unites humor with lofty thought, standing as a vivid example of the contrast between human aspiration and reality.